The compromise under which the other Allies agreed to grant Japan Germany’s concessions in China infuriated the Chinese.
China became the only country represented at the Paris Peace Conference to refuse to sign the Treaty of Versailles. The perceived betrayal of the Western powers, along with the seeming failure of democracy at home turned many Chinese leaders against Western values.
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An interesting common way the arms embargo to China during the Warlord Era was skirted was via importation of Mauser C96 pistols, which were not considered “military weapons”. The ammunition used was relatively powerful, however, and shoulder stocks were plentiful, and so a quartermaster was able to acquire almost-rifles rather easily.
I’m sure this is the interview Mark remembers regarding the term “warlord”. They start talking about it at the 6:33 mark https://freshairarchive.org/segments/former-war-correspondent-aidan-hartley