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By the early twentieth century, a new generation of Indian nationalists was emerging, one more radical and less patient than its elders, who sought new ways to pressure the British for increased home rule, even outright independence.

Muslim Indians created their own association, the Muslim League, to rival the Hindu-dominated Indian National Congress. And a quiet barrister named Mohandas Gandhi traveled to South Africa on behalf of a client.

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Playlist:

Fanfare

Opening Theme

Eastern Musings

Closing Theme 

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Except when otherwise indicated, the contents of this podcast are © and ℗ 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020 by Mark Painter, all rights reserved. Some music and sound effects used by arrangement with Pond 5.

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The United Kingdom was the wealthiest and most powerful nation on Earth for most of the 19th century.

The Industrial Revolution powered the British rise, but after other Western nations began to catch up, Britain’s unique ability to extract wealth from India kept it ahead of its competition for decades longer than would otherwise have been possible. But British supremacy came at a terrible cost to the people of India.

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Playlist:

Fanfare

Opening Theme

Raga Number One

Closing Theme 

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Except when otherwise indicated, the contents of this podcast are © and ℗ 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020 by Mark Painter, all rights reserved. Some music and sound effects used by arrangement with Pond 5.

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In 1858, the British government took direct control over India. This was in response to the Rebellion of the previous year and concerns over East India Company misrule.

British rule led to some benefits, but it also produced famine and a collapse in per capita income. By the late 19th century, Indian nationalists were organizing for more Indian say in the governance of their own country.

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Playlist:

Fanfare

Opening Theme

Instrumental Oriental Music of India
By Michael Burkard. Used pursuant to a Creative Commons CC BY 3.0 license. Source.

Closing Theme 

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Except when otherwise indicated, the contents of this podcast are © and ℗ 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020 by Mark Painter, all rights reserved. Some music and sound effects used by arrangement with Pond 5.

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At the beginning of the 18th century, Mughal India was the largest economy in the world, renowned for its cotton textiles.

But as the Mughal Empire weakened, its trade partner, the British East India Company picked up the slack, until the Emperor was a mere figurehead and India came under the rule of a multinational corporation, a development without parallel in world history.

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Playlist:

Fanfare

Opening Theme

Rondeau from Suite of Symphonies No. 1
Composed in 1729 by Jean-Joseph Mouret. Public domain.

“Mumbai Meditation”

Closing Theme 

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Except when otherwise indicated, the contents of this podcast are © and ℗ 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020 by Mark Painter, all rights reserved. Some music and sound effects used by arrangement with Pond 5.

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No matter how highly you might regard Woodrow Wilson’s peacetime policies, no matter how happy you might be that the Allies won the war, it was indiputable that the two years since the Armistice had been difficult ones for the United States.

The Republican field was divided in the 1920 primary season, and at the convention emerged the improbable candidacy of Warren G. Harding, who had articulated American voters’ hopes when he promised a return to normalcy.

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Playlist:

Fanfare

Opening Theme

“I’ll Be With You in Apple Blossom Time”
Composed in 1920 by Albert Von Tilzer and Neville Fleeson. Public domain.

“Swanee”
Composed in 1919 by George Gershwin and Irving Caesar. Public domain.
Performed by George Gershwin. Used pursuant to a Creative Commons CC BY 3.0 license. Source.

Closing Theme 

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Except when otherwise indicated, the contents of this podcast are © and ℗ 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020 by Mark Painter, all rights reserved. Some music and sound effects used by arrangement with Pond 5.

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The German government continued to drag its feet on reparations payments, sparking a Franco-Belgian invasion of the Ruhr region.

Inflation ran wild, owing to the government’s policy of simply printing new money to pay the bills. Strikes and unrest broke out across the country, while in Munich, right-wing extremists attempted a coup.

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Playlist:

Fanfare

Opening Theme

Fantaisie – Impromptu
Composed in 1834 by Frédéric Chopin. Public domain.
Performed by Frank Levy. Public domain recording. Source.

Closing Theme 

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Except when otherwise indicated, the contents of this podcast are © and ℗ 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020 by Mark Painter, all rights reserved. Some music and sound effects used by arrangement with Pond 5.

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Reparations payments started coming due in 1921. The German government, wrestling with inflation and debt, resisted payment from the beginning.

The German right opposed paying reparations altogether and condemned the national political leaders as the “November criminals.” Some centrist political figures were assassinated by the right.

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Playlist:

Fanfare

Opening Theme

Symphony No. 3
Composed in 1883 by Johannes Brahms. Public domain.
Performed by the Czech National Symphony Orchestra. Public domain recording. Source.

Closing Theme 

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Except when otherwise indicated, the contents of this podcast are © and ℗ 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020 by Mark Painter, all rights reserved. Some music and sound effects used by arrangement with Pond 5.

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When the Germans finally received the Treaty of Versailles, they were told to accept it as written, or else the Allies would restart the war.

It was a painful decision, but the National Assembly in Weimar approved the Treaty. Almost at once, they were denounced as traitors by the German right.

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Playlist:

Fanfare

Opening Theme

Symphony No. 5
Composed in 1808 by Ludwig van Beethoven. Public domain.
Public domain recording. Source.

Closing Theme 

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Except when otherwise indicated, the contents of this podcast are © and ℗ 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020 by Mark Painter, all rights reserved. Some music and sound effects used by arrangement with Pond 5.

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If people know only one thing about the Treaty of Versailles, they know that it imposed heavy reparations payments on Germany.

In this episode, we look at why the Allies made these demands and whether they were as big a burden as the German government made them out to be.

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Playlist:

Fanfare

Opening Theme

Intermezzo No. 2
Composed in 1892 by Johannes Brahms. Public domain.
Performed by Markus Staab, and used pursuant to a Creative Commons CC BY-NC-ND 3.0 license. Source.

Closing Theme 

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Except when otherwise indicated, the contents of this podcast are © and ℗ 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020 by Mark Painter, all rights reserved. Some music and sound effects used by arrangement with Pond 5.

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After the German Revolution, the new democratic government was feeling pretty good. Woodrow Wilson had said America’s quarrel was with the Kaiser, not the German people, and they were the representatives of the German people.

They looked forward to a generous peace offer, based on the Fourteen Points. They were dreaming.

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Playlist:

Fanfare

Opening Theme

Symphony No. 2
Composed in 1802 by Ludwig van Beethoven. Public domain.
Public domain recording. Source.

Closing Theme 

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Except when otherwise indicated, the contents of this podcast are © and ℗ 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020 by Mark Painter, all rights reserved. Some music and sound effects used by arrangement with Pond 5.